Designing climate-resilient energy systems

Energy systems can be disrupted by extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, severe drought and storms.

An international team of scientists has published a study in Nature Energy, which proposes an optimisation methodology for designing energy systems that are resilient to climate changes and variability.

It is hoped that this will help communities avoid costly disruptions in the form of partial or total power blackouts.

“On one side is energy demand — there are different types of building needs, such as heating, cooling and lighting. Because of long-term climate change and short-term extreme weather events, the outdoor environment changes, which leads to changes in building energy demand,” said Tianzhen Hong, a Berkeley Lab scientist who helped design the study.

“On the other side, climate can also influence energy supply, such as power generation from hydro, solar and wind turbines. Those could also change because of weather conditions.”

Working with collaborators from Switzerland, Sweden and Australia, and led by a scientist at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), the team developed a stochastic-robust optimisation method to quantify impacts and then use the data to design climate-resilient energy systems. Stochastic optimisation methods are often used when variables are random or uncertain.

“Energy systems are built to operate for 30 or more years. Current practice is just to assume typical weather conditions today; urban planners and designers don’t commonly factor in future uncertainties,” said Hong, a computational scientist leading multiscale energy modeling and simulation at the Berkeley Lab.

“There is a lot of uncertainty around future climate and weather.”

‘Energy systems’, as defined in the study, provide energy needs, and sometimes energy storage, to a group of buildings. The energy supplied could include gas or electricity from conventional or renewable sources.

The researchers investigated a wide range of scenarios for 30 Swedish cities. They found that under some scenarios the energy systems in some cities would not be able to generate enough energy. Notably, climate variability could create a 34% gap between total energy generation and demand and a 16% drop in power supply reliability — a situation that could lead to blackouts.

“We observed that current energy systems are designed in a way that makes them highly susceptible to extreme weather events such as storms and heatwaves,” said Dasun Perera, a scientist at EPFL’s Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory and lead author of the study.

“We also found that climate and weather variability will result in significant fluctuations in renewable power being fed into electric grids as well as energy demand. This will make it difficult to match the energy demand and power generation. Dealing with the effects of climate change is going to prove harder than we previously thought.”

The authors note that 3.5 billion people live in urban areas, consuming two-thirds of global energy, and by 2050 urban areas are expected to hold more than two-thirds of the world’s population.

“Distributed energy systems that support the integration of renewable energy technologies will support the energy transition in the urban context and play a vital role in climate change adaptation and mitigation,” they wrote.

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